Ulysses S. Grant | Biography

• By Stone Palmer
• Original : February 03, 2025

Who is Ulysses S. Grant?

Ulysses S. Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant on April 27, 1822, in Point Pleasant, Ohio, became a pivotal figure in American history, primarily known for his leadership during the Civil War and his presidency. He garnered fame for his military acumen, ultimately being appointed as the commander of all U.S. armies in 1864, where he relentlessly pursued Confederate forces. His notable victories, such as those at the battles of Vicksburg and Chattanooga, solidified his reputation, earning him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender Grant." Grant's strategic mindset was crucial in bringing the Civil War to a close with General Robert E. Lee's surrender in 1865.

After the war, Grant transitioned to politics, becoming the youngest president in U.S. history when he took office at age 46 in 1869. Despite his genuine intentions and scrupulous nature, his administration was marred by multiple scandals, which overshadowed its achievements. Notable reforms during his presidency included the ratification of the 15th Amendment and several initiatives aimed at civil rights for African Americans and Native Americans. Unfortunately, his lack of political experience contributed to many difficulties during his time in office. Following his presidency, Grant faced financial troubles but regained respect through the publication of his memoirs, which became a bestseller and provided for his family after his death on July 23, 1885.

Early Life and Education

Ulysses S. Grant was born Hiram Ulysses Grant on April 27, 1822, in Point Pleasant, Ohio. He grew up in a family that was politically active and influenced by his father's strong abolitionist beliefs. As a child, he was given the nickname "Ulysses" and later adopted the designation "U.S. Grant" due to a clerical error when he entered West Point. Despite having anticipated being registered under his birth name, he accepted the change to avoid complications. At West Point, he excelled academically but struggled with formal military discipline, laying the groundwork for the complexities of his future military career.

After graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1843, Grant was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers. His initial military assignments took him to various posts in the United States, fostering skills that would later prove invaluable during the Civil War. Unfortunately, his early military career was marred by personal hardships, including loneliness and struggles with alcohol, which haunted him throughout his service. Despite these challenges, Grant’s early experiences in the military cultivated his strategic acumen, ultimately culminating in his rise as a prominent leader during one of the most tumultuous periods in American history.

Military Career Beginnings: From West Point to Early Service

Ulysses S. Grant's military journey began when he was accepted into the United States Military Academy at West Point, where a clerical error transformed his name from Hiram Ulysses Grant to U.S. Grant. Despite this unexpected moniker, Grant excelled at West Point, graduating in 1843. His character was already forming under the strict regimen of military training, and the lessons learned during this formative period would shape his leadership style in the years to come. The camaraderie and discipline he experienced were pivotal in preparing him for the challenges that awaited him in the military.

Following his graduation, Grant was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to the 4th U.S. Infantry. His early service included participation in the Mexican-American War, where he served as a quartermaster, overseeing troops and supplies. He gained invaluable insights into military tactics while working under generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. However, his experiences also led him to question the moral implications of the war, as it largely served to expand the territory for slavery. Despite facing personal struggles, including battles with alcoholism, Grant’s early military career set the stage for his renowned leadership during the Civil War.

Civil War Achievements and Leadership

Ulysses S. Grant’s leadership during the American Civil War established him as one of the key figures in the preservation of the Union. His military career began in earnest after the attack on Fort Sumter in 1861, where he quickly rose through the ranks due to his tactical acumen and relentless pursuit of Confederate forces. Grant's early victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson earned him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender Grant," reflecting his insistence on complete capitulation from his enemies. His strategic foresight at the Battle of Shiloh further solidified his reputation, despite facing significant criticism for the high casualties suffered by his troops.

One of Grant's most notable achievements was the successful siege of Vicksburg in 1863, a turning point in the war that gave the Union control of the Mississippi River. By effectively coordinating his forces and navigating challenging terrain, he outmaneuvered Confederate General John C. Pemberton. After six weeks of intense fighting, Vicksburg fell on July 4, solidifying Grant's status as a prominent military leader. His unique approach focused not just on capturing territory but on destroying the Confederate armies, which ultimately led him to pursue General Robert E. Lee with relentless aggression until Lee’s surrender in April 1865, effectively ending the Civil War.

Presidency: Successes and Scandals

Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, which lasted from 1869 to 1877, marked a significant yet tumultuous period in American history. As the 18th president of the United States, Grant championed several important reforms, including the ratification of the 15th Amendment, which aimed to secure voting rights for African American men. He also presided over the creation of the U.S. Justice Department, tasked with combating the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and enforcing civil rights. Additionally, under his leadership, the nation saw the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, the first of its kind, and the formation of the National Weather Service—a testament to his commitment to advancing American society.

Despite his noblest intentions, Grant's presidency was marred by numerous scandals that overshadowed his achievements. His administration was plagued by corruption, involving several close associates who engaged in dishonest practices, including a significant financial panic related to attempts to manipulate the gold market. The poorly managed appointment of subpar cabinet members led to repeated accusations of bribery and misconduct. Throughout the turmoil, Grant maintained his personal integrity, seeking investigations into the corruption, yet his indifference towards the character of his appointees resulted in enduring critiques of his leadership and tarnished his legacy as a president.

Personal Life: Wife Julia and Their Children

Ulysses S. Grant's personal life was significantly shaped by his marriage to Julia Dent, whom he wed in 1848. Their relationship began during his time at West Point, where Julia was the sister of his roommate. Despite initial opposition from both families due to differences in social status and attitudes toward slavery, their love prevailed. The couple endured a long separation during the Mexican-American War, yet their bond remained strong. Julia became a source of emotional support for Grant throughout his military career, often visiting him in army camps, which solidified their partnership as they navigated the challenges of his service and the tumultuous times they lived in.

Together, Ulysses and Julia had four children: Frederick, Ulysses Jr. (nicknamed "Buck"), Ellen (known as "Nellie"), and Jesse. The family endured frequent separations due to Grant's military postings, which at times placed a strain on their marriage. Nevertheless, Julia's resilience and dedication helped keep the family connected. As Grant transitioned into the political arena and later became president, Julia blossomed as a popular First Lady, taking an active role in social receptions and influencing her husband's decisions. Her unwavering support played a vital role in Grant's life, both personally and professionally, allowing him to focus on his military and political responsibilities.

Net Worth and Earning: Financial Struggles post-Presidency

Ulysses S. Grant faced considerable financial struggles after his presidency, a situation that sharply contrasted with his earlier military successes. Following his time in the White House, Grant attempted to find stability in civilian life but encountered a series of unfortunate ventures. A partnership with a financial firm, Grant and Ward, ended catastrophically when his partner embezzled funds, leading to the bankruptcy of the firm in 1884. This financial disaster left Grant deeply in debt and struggling to provide for his family.

Despite his economic hardships, Grant displayed resilience by turning to his writing as a means to support himself. He penned a series of magazine articles detailing his life and experiences, but his most significant achievement came when he collaborated with the renowned author Mark Twain to publish his memoirs. The two-volume work garnered immense popularity, selling over 300,000 copies and earning nearly $450,000, thus securing a financial legacy for his family. Ultimately, Grant's literary success provided a much-needed cushion against his financial adversities in his final years.