First President of Texas

Samuel Houston | Biography

American general and statesman

• By Stone Palmer
• Original : March 25, 2025

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Who is Samuel Houston?

Samuel Houston was a pivotal figure in the history of Texas, known for his leadership during its fight for independence from Mexico. Born on March 2, 1793, in Virginia, Houston's early life was marked by personal loss and military service, including notable participation in the War of 1812 under General Andrew Jackson. His political career began in Tennessee, where he served as congressman and, later, governor, but personal struggles, including alcoholism and a troubled first marriage, led him to seek new opportunities in Arkansas and eventually Texas.

In Texas, Houston emerged as a leading voice for independence, commanding Texan forces during the crucial Battle of San Jacinto in 1836. His strategic brilliance defeated the Mexican army, securing Texas' independence and establishing his role as a national hero. Subsequently, Houston became the first president of the Republic of Texas and served as a U.S. Senator after Texas was annexed into the United States. Despite his accomplishments, his first-hand experience as a slave owner created a complex legacy, and he ultimately fell out of favor for opposing the Confederacy during the Civil War, leading to his ousting as governor. He passed away on July 26, 1863, leaving behind a lasting impact on Texas history.

Early Life and Education

Samuel Houston was born on March 2, 1793, near Lexington, Virginia, to a lineage that bore the legacy of the Revolutionary War, with his father serving valiantly. Tragically, his father passed away when Houston was just 14, compelling his mother to relocate the family to eastern Tennessee. It was here that Houston developed a unique bond with the local Cherokee Indians, immersing himself in their culture and language, which would later influence his political and personal life profoundly. His early years were marked by the dual influences of his Virginia upbringing and the Cherokee community, shaping his worldviews and ultimately paving the way for his future endeavors.

Growing up in a challenging environment, Houston's drive to serve his country led him to join the military. He gained significant recognition during the War of 1812, where he served under the famed General Andrew Jackson. His military service not only honed his leadership skills but also provided invaluable experience that would later bolster his political career. Jackson’s guidance played a pivotal role in paving Houston's path when he transitioned to politics, ultimately becoming a lawyer and entering the political arena of Tennessee. His early life experiences, surrounded by both military discipline and diverse cultural influences, laid a solid foundation for his impactful future in American history.

Political Beginnings and Early Career

Samuel Houston's political ambitions ignited after his military service in the War of 1812, where he served under the influential Andrew Jackson. Following his return to Tennessee, Houston's relationship with Jackson became pivotal in his burgeoning political career. He immersed himself in the study of law and quickly made a name for himself, being elected as the district attorney in Nashville. His ascent continued when he successfully ran for Congress, serving two non-consecutive terms beginning in 1823. By 1827, Houston was elected the governor of Tennessee, showcasing his ability to connect with voters and navigate the complexities of political life.

However, Houston's early political career was marred by personal challenges. Struggles with alcoholism and a failed marriage to Eliza Allen overshadowed his reputation, leading to rumors and scrutiny. The inability to maintain his relationships culminated in Houston's decision to leave Tennessee in 1829, seeking a fresh start in Arkansas. There, he once again found solace among the Cherokee Indians, which set the stage for his next important chapter. His marriage to a Cherokee woman in 1830 further solidified his ties with Native American interests, allowing him to represent their concerns in Washington, D.C. as he navigated the intersection of his personal life and burgeoning political career.

Texas Calls and Military Leadership

Samuel Houston’s impactful role in the Texas Revolution highlights his leadership qualities and strategic acumen. In 1832, he relocated to the Mexican territory of Texas, where he quickly became an advocate for Texan independence. As tensions escalated between Texas and Mexico, Houston was appointed to command a makeshift Texan army. Despite facing a formidable opponent in General Antonio López de Santa Anna, Houston's keen military insight allowed him to exploit an opportunity when Santa Anna divided his forces. This came to fruition on April 21, 1836, at the Battle of San Jacinto, where Houston's forces achieved a stunning victory that ultimately secured Texas's independence.

Houston emerged as a pivotal figure in the newly established Republic of Texas, earning comparisons to George Washington for his leadership during the revolution. After the triumphant independence, he served as the first elected president of the Republic in 1836, demonstrating his political capabilities alongside his military successes. Even after Texas joined the United States in 1846, Houston continued to serve in the U.S. Senate, where he navigated the complexities of national politics. His staunch opposition to the expansion of slavery, despite his ownership of enslaved people, further underscored his complex legacy as a leader committed to the principles of the Republic.

Personal Life: Married Life and Children

Samuel Houston's personal life was marked by both complexity and transformation. He married his first wife, Eliza Allen, in 1829, but the marriage quickly deteriorated amid rumors of Houston's alcoholism and infidelity. The couple separated, prompting Houston to seek a fresh start in Arkansas, where he became deeply involved with the Cherokee Nation. He subsequently married Tiana Rodgers, a Cherokee woman, in 1830, and worked to advocate for Native American rights in Washington, D.C. Unfortunately, this union was also fraught with challenges, highlighting the tumultuous nature of his relationships during this period.

In 1840, Samuel Houston married for the third time to Margaret Lea, with whom he would build a more stable family life. Together, they had eight children, and Houston took great pride in his role as a father. Despite his earlier personal struggles, this marriage brought a sense of grounding to his life, allowing him to focus on his children and their future. The lessons learned from his past relationships shaped his approach to parenthood, as he sought to create a nurturing environment for his family amid the political and personal upheavals of his later life.

Net Worth and Earning: Salary

Samuel Houston, a prominent figure in American history, particularly in Texas, is often remembered for his significant political and military contributions rather than his financial standing. While exact figures surrounding his net worth during his lifetime are elusive, various accounts suggest that Houston was comfortably well-off, especially following his involvement in the burgeoning political landscape of Texas. His early career as a congressman and governor of Tennessee contributed to his financial stability, and his later role as the first president of the Republic of Texas certainly elevated his status.

Houston's income sources were varied, including his political positions and land holdings. Following Texas's admission to the Union, he served as a U.S. Senator, which further supplemented his earnings. However, his personal challenges, including struggles with alcohol and controversial relationships, likely impacted his financial health over time. Despite these struggles, Houston's legacy as the "George Washington of Texas" endures, marking him as a key player in the state’s history rather than a figure defined by wealth.