Paul Robeson | Biography

• By Stone Palmer
• Original : January 27, 2025

Who is Paul Robeson?

Paul Robeson was a remarkable African American athlete, singer, actor, and civil rights activist whose influence spanned both the entertainment industry and social justice movements. Born on April 9, 1898, in Princeton, New Jersey, he excelled in academics and athletics, earning a track scholarship to Rutgers University, where he became a standout football player, debater, and class valedictorian. Robeson was not only an accomplished athlete but a celebrated performer, known for his powerful voice and captivating performances in productions like "Show Boat" and "The Emperor Jones." He became a significant figure in the arts, known for his interpretations of African American culture and heritage.

Throughout his career, Robeson emerged as a vocal advocate against racism and social inequality. His activism was particularly pronounced during the turbulent political climate of the 20th century. Robeson took a stand against racial injustice, supporting movements such as Pan-Africanism and performing for troops during World War II. His controversial connections with the Soviet Union, stemming from his humanitarian efforts, led to his blacklisting during the McCarthy era. Despite the obstacles he faced, including being barred from traveling abroad and struggling financially, Robeson's legacy as an artist and activist endures, inspiring future generations in their fight for equality and justice.

Early Life and Education

Paul Leroy Robeson was born on April 9, 1898, in Princeton, New Jersey, to Anna Louisa and William Drew Robeson. His father, a clergyman and an escaped enslaved person, deeply influenced Robeson's values. Tragically, his mother died in a fire when Paul was just six years old. After the incident, his father moved the family to Somerville, New Jersey, where young Robeson thrived academically and showed a penchant for music by singing in church. These early experiences laid the groundwork for his future as both a performer and an advocate for racial justice.

At 17, Robeson received a scholarship to Rutgers University, making him one of only three African Americans enrolled there at the time. He excelled in academics, debate, and oratory, earning accolades that would define his college years. Notably, he participated in four varsity sports, securing a total of 15 letters and becoming class valedictorian. After his graduation in 1923, Robeson attended Columbia University's Law School, where he balanced his studies with teaching Latin and playing professional football. It was here that he married fellow student Eslanda Goode, who would become his lifelong partner and manager, firmly rooting his passion for the arts into a burgeoning career.

Star Athlete and Academic Achievements

Paul Robeson was not only a renowned performing artist but also an outstanding athlete and scholar. He attended Rutgers University on a scholarship, making history as the school's third African American student to do so. During his time at Rutgers, Robeson showcased his exceptional abilities by earning 15 varsity letters across four sports, including football, basketball, track, and baseball. His prowess on the field was matched by his academic accomplishments, as he graduated as class valedictorian and was elected to the esteemed Phi Beta Kappa honor society, highlighting his excellence in debate and oratory skills.

After completing his undergraduate studies, Robeson advanced to Columbia University’s Law School, where he continued to excel academically while supporting himself by playing professional football on weekends. His commitment to education and performance was evident during these years; he also taught Latin to students. In 1921, Robeson married fellow student Eslanda Goode, who would play a significant role in managing his burgeoning career. Despite facing severe racism that led him to abandon law as a profession, Robeson's determination and talent in athletics and academics laid the foundation for his later triumphant career in the arts and activism.

Notable Career Start: Theater Roles and Film Debuts

Paul Robeson's ascent in the performing arts began with his groundbreaking roles on stage. He made a significant impact in the 1924 production of Eugene O'Neill's "All God's Chillun Got Wings", where his powerful performance garnered considerable attention. The following year, he starred in the London production of "The Emperor Jones", which marked a pivotal moment in his career. These performances showcased not only his extraordinary vocal talent but also his ability to portray complex characters with depth. His early success in theater laid a strong foundation for his later achievements in film, further establishing his presence in the arts.

Transitioning to the silver screen, Robeson's film debut came in Oscar Micheaux's 1925 silent film "Body and Soul", where he captivated audiences with his commanding presence. He further expanded his filmography with notable roles, including the 1933 remake of "The Emperor Jones", which was pivotal in cementing his status as a leading African American actor. His portrayal of complex, often challenging characters resonated with audiences, allowing him to transcend racial stereotypes pervasive in Hollywood at the time. Robeson's early film roles, combined with his theatrical artistry, helped lay the groundwork for a powerful artistic legacy that would resonate for decades to come.

Career Success: Singing and International Fame

Paul Robeson’s career success as a performing artist began with his powerful presence in theater and film. He first gained widespread recognition for his lead role in Eugene O’Neill’s controversial 1924 play "All God’s Chillun Got Wings." However, it was his performance in the London production of "The Emperor Jones" the following year that established him as a major talent. Robeson transitioned to film with significant roles, notably in Oscar Micheaux's "Body and Soul," showcasing his capability to captivate audiences beyond the stage. His talent in oratory and music transcended cultural barriers, securing his place in the world of performing arts.

One of Robeson's defining contributions to music was his rendition of “Ol’ Man River” from the musical "Show Boat." Although he was not part of the original Broadway cast, his London performance in 1928 solidified his reputation and made the song his signature piece. With a voice that conveyed powerful emotion and socio-political themes, Robeson became an international sensation. He toured extensively, captivating audiences around the globe and using his platform to advocate for racial equality. His success during this period not only highlighted his artistic versatility but also positioned him as a significant figure in the fight against racism, intertwining his artistry with a commitment to social justice.

Personal Life: Married Life and Children

Paul Robeson married Eslanda Goode, a fellow student at Columbia University, in 1921. Their partnership was not only one of love but also of collaborative support, as Eslanda became his manager and champion throughout his career. The couple shared a commitment to racial justice and activism, both contributing significantly to the civil rights movement. Their relationship lasted more than four decades, marked by mutual respect and shared ambitions, as they navigated the challenges of racism and political hostility that Paul faced due to his outspoken beliefs.

The couple welcomed their only child, Paul Robeson Jr., in 1927. Raised in an environment rich in culture and activism, their son later became a prominent author, educator, and advocate for social justice. Throughout their marriage, Paul and Eslanda encouraged their son's education and involvement in cultural issues, emphasizing the importance of heritage and activism. Despite the difficulties they faced, including periods of financial instability due to McCarthyism and blacklisting, the Robeson family remained resilient, united by their ideals and commitment to bettering society.

Net Worth and Earning: Earnings in Film and Music

Paul Robeson's net worth reflected the immense success he garnered as a multi-talented artist, athlete, and activist. Throughout his career, Robeson earned substantial income from his performances in theater, film, and music. His role as a celebrated lead actor in both stage productions and movies ensured a steady stream of earnings, with notable performances in productions like "Show Boat" and "The Emperor Jones" drawing critical acclaim and financial reward. Despite the challenges he faced during the McCarthy era and being blacklisted, his reputation as an influential artist remained intact.

Robeson's talents extended into the music industry, where he earned remarkable recognition for his powerful baritone voice and impactful songs. His rendition of "Ol' Man River" became synonymous with his musical career, leading to lucrative concert performances and recordings. With a vast international fan base, Robeson toured extensively, bringing in significant earnings while championing social justice causes. His commitment to activism, alongside his artistic contributions, inspired audiences and left a lasting legacy that continues to be celebrated today.