James Monroe | Biography

• By Stone Palmer
• Original : May 06, 2025

Who is James Monroe?

James Monroe was a pivotal figure in early American history, serving as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. Known for his role in shaping the nation's foreign policy, he is particularly celebrated for the Monroe Doctrine, a critical component of American political philosophy that asserted the Western Hemisphere's autonomy from European colonization. Additionally, Monroe was instrumental in expanding U.S. territory, notably orchestrating the acquisition of Florida from Spain, which further solidified the country's southern border and its influence in the Americas.

Born on April 28, 1758, in Virginia, Monroe's early life was marked by the loss of his father, prompting him to leave college to join the fight in the American Revolution. He later studied law under Thomas Jefferson, establishing a lifelong connection with one of America's Founding Fathers. Monroe's political career began in the Virginia House of Delegates and continued through various prominent roles, including U.S. senator, governor of Virginia, and cabinet member under President Madison, during which he effectively handled the War of 1812. His presidency was characterized by a period of national unity known as the "Era of Good Feelings," highlighting his contribution to the foundation of a strong and proactive American government.

Early Life and Education

James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, into a well-established family. His father, Spence Monroe, was a prosperous planter and carpenter who had emigrated from Scotland in the 17th century. Monroe's early education took place at home under the guidance of his mother, followed by attendance at Campbelltown Academy, where he excelled as a student. This solid educational foundation was pivotal in shaping Monroe's later pursuits in law and politics.

Tragedy struck in 1774 when Monroe's father passed away, prompting him to leave Virginia's College of William & Mary, where he intended to study law, to join the fight in the American Revolution. Demonstrating a fierce spirit of rebellion, Monroe participated in a raid against the British arsenal with classmates. He enlisted in the Continental Army and quickly rose to the rank of officer, fighting bravely alongside General George Washington, notably suffering severe injuries at the Battle of Trenton. This early commitment to his country not only laid the groundwork for his political career but also cemented his dedication to public service.

Political Career Beginnings

James Monroe's political career began shortly after his service in the American Revolution. In 1782, he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, marking his initial step into the political arena. From 1783 to 1786, he represented Virginia in the Continental Congress, where he began forming important political relationships that would later influence his career. It was during this time that he met Elizabeth Kortright, whom he married in 1786. Despite his initial aspirations of becoming a successful farmer, Monroe soon realized his strengths lay in law and politics, leading to his eventual pivot to public service.

Monroe's political trajectory took a decisive turn in 1787 when he initially opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution due to its lack of a bill of rights. However, as debates unfolded, he, along with other anti-Federalists, agreed to support it with the promise of advocating for amendments post-ratification. In 1790, he sought a position in the House of Representatives but faced defeat against James Madison. Nonetheless, he rebounded quickly and was appointed as a United States senator, aligning himself with the Democratic-Republican faction led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, where he emerged as a prominent figure in opposing Federalist policies.

Virginia Governor and Cabinet Member

James Monroe’s career as a public servant significantly expanded during his time as Virginia Governor and as a member of the presidential cabinet. Following his diplomatic service as U.S. minister to France from 1794 to 1796, Monroe returned to Virginia, where he was elected to three terms as governor. His tenure as governor was marked by efforts to stabilize Virginia’s economy and support the state's interests in a growing nation. Monroe's close association with Thomas Jefferson's political ideology shaped his initiatives, as he aimed to foster a sense of unity in an increasingly divided political landscape.

In 1803, Monroe played a pivotal role in one of the most significant expansions of U.S. territory: the Louisiana Purchase. He was appointed by President Jefferson to assist in negotiations with France, contributing not only to the acquisition of land but also to the country’s westward expansion dreams. Subsequently, Monroe served as Secretary of State under President James Madison, a position he was appointed to in April 1811. He made history by simultaneously holding the title of Secretary of War during the latter stages of the War of 1812, showcasing his capability to manage multiple critical responsibilities at once and underscoring his importance in the early governance of the United States.

U.S. Presidency

In 1816, James Monroe ascended to the presidency, becoming the fifth president of the United States after the decision of James Madison not to seek a third term. He faced little opposition during the election against a fading Federalist Party, which allowed him to enjoy widespread popularity. Monroe's presidency is often referred to as the "Era of Good Feelings," marked by national unity following the War of 1812 and a flourishing economy. He embarked on a series of goodwill tours throughout the northern states, receiving a warm reception from the public, which bolstered support for his administration.

During his tenure, Monroe took significant steps to ensure the country's territorial expansion and political stability. His cabinet appointments were strategic, with John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams representing both Northern and Southern interests, fostering bipartisanship. However, challenges arose, such as the nation's first economic depression and the contentious debate over Missouri's admission as a slave state. The resolution of these issues, particularly through the Missouri Compromise of 1820, ultimately reinforced Monroe's leadership and contributed to his successful re-election, where he secured nearly all electoral votes, reflecting the nation’s overall trust in his governance.

The "Monroe Doctrine"

The "Monroe Doctrine," announced by President James Monroe on December 2, 1823, was a pivotal policy in American history that aimed to safeguard the sovereignty of nations in the Americas from European intervention. At that time, numerous Latin American countries were declaring their independence from colonial rule, a movement that coincided with the United States' own principles of republicanism and self-governance. Recognizing the potential threat posed by European powers looking to reclaim their territories, Monroe articulated that the Americas were no longer open to new European colonization and warned against any attempts to influence or control independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.

The doctrine signified a profound shift in U.S. foreign policy, asserting that any European efforts to interfere with the political affairs of nations in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression against the United States. It underscored America's growing role on the world stage and its commitment to regional stability. The Monroe Doctrine not only reflected Monroe’s belief in the importance of American sovereignty but also illustrated the broader context of the era, where the nation sought to protect its interests while promoting democratic values in neighboring territories. Over the years, this doctrine would evolve, becoming a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy in the Americas and influencing international relations for decades to come.

Later Years and Death

James Monroe’s later years were marked by both public service and personal loss. After completing his presidential term in March 1825, he returned to Virginia, where he engaged in various civic duties, notably serving on the Board of Visitors for the University of Virginia. His commitment to civic life included being elected president of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-30, a role he had to step down from due to deteriorating health. During this time, Monroe focused on managing his estates and contributing his wisdom to civic discussions, aiming to influence the future of his state and nation.

In 1830, tragedy struck when Monroe's wife, Elizabeth, passed away, leaving him heartbroken. Seeking solace, he moved to New York City to live with his daughter, Maria. Monroe’s final years were spent in relative quiet, reflecting on his significant contributions to the nation while coping with the personal void created by his wife’s death. He passed away on July 4, 1831, a symbolic date that coincided with the deaths of fellow Founding Fathers Thomas Jefferson and John Adams five years prior. Initially laid to rest in New York, his remains were later relocated to Hollywood Cemetery in Virginia, affirming his deep roots in the state he loved.

Personal Life: Wife and Children

James Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright on February 16, 1786. Elizabeth, the daughter of a successful New York merchant, played a significant role in Monroe's life, offering both companionship and support throughout his political career. The couple shared a deep bond and was well-regarded in social circles. They experienced the challenges of political life together, navigating the complexities of Monroe's public service and the fluctuations of their family's fortune, especially during Monroe's tenure as a public servant.

Monroe and Elizabeth had three children: Eliza, James Spence Monroe, and Maria Hester Monroe. Their children were raised in a politically active household, influenced greatly by their father's role in shaping the nation. Unfortunately, Elizabeth passed away in 1830, leaving Monroe heartbroken. His children continued their father's legacy, with Maria marrying and hosting social events that furthered Monroe's influence and connections. Overall, Monroe's family life was marked by both joy and tragedy, reflecting the historical currents of their time.

Net Worth and Earning: Salary

James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, held numerous positions throughout his career that contributed to his net worth and overall earnings. While precise figures from the late 18th and early 19th centuries are hard to ascertain, it’s known that Monroe's roles as a soldier, statesman, and landowner played a significant part in his financial stability. During his time as a U.S. senator and governor of Virginia, he received a salary that was standard for government officials of his rank. Additionally, his involvement in the Louisiana Purchase negotiations, as well as his tenure as Secretary of State and Secretary of War, further enhanced his political stature and influence, albeit not necessarily his personal wealth.

Monroe's estate in Virginia was part of his financial portfolio, contributing to his net worth as a successful planter despite his challenges in farming. Like many of his contemporaries, he relied on land and agricultural production as primary sources of income. Nevertheless, Monroe faced significant debts throughout his life, particularly later in his presidency, which affected his financial standing. His eventual relocation to New York City post-presidency indicated a need for a change in living circumstances, particularly after the passing of his wife. Overall, Monroe's financial trajectory encapsulates the complexities faced by prominent figures during the early years of the American republic.