Harry S. Truman | Biography

• By Stone Palmer
• Original : January 07, 2025

Who is Harry S. Truman?

Harry S. Truman, born in 1884 and serving as the 33rd President of the United States from 1945 to 1953, is a pivotal figure in American history. He assumed the presidency following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, with whom he had served as vice president for just 82 days. Truman's early presidency was marked by monumental decisions, including the use of atomic bombs on Japan, which effectively ended World War II. His commitment to a policy of communist containment laid the groundwork for the Cold War, and he made significant contributions to international relations through initiatives like the United Nations.

Truman's political career began after returning from World War I, where he gained respect as a captain. His entry into politics was facilitated by his connection with Democratic boss Thomas Pendergast. Elected as a U.S. Senator in 1934, he focused on fiscal responsibility and government accountability. As Vice President under Roosevelt, he was unexpectedly thrust into leadership during tumultuous times, facing many challenges, including the Korean War and domestic economic issues. Despite initial popularity, his decisions, especially regarding the military and labor disputes, led to declining approval ratings as his presidency progressed.

Legacy-wise, Truman is remembered for his bold leadership during a transformative era in U.S. history. After leaving office, he returned to Independence, Missouri, where he wrote his memoirs and established his presidential library. He passed away in 1972, leaving behind a complicated yet significant legacy as a leader who faced unprecedented challenges during the mid-20th century. Truman's life story is a testament to resilience, integrity, and commitment to democratic values amidst global upheaval.

Early Life and Education

Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884, in a modest home in Lamar, Missouri, to John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Truman. He was the eldest of three children and grew up in a farming family, where he developed a strong work ethic and a passion for farming. Named after his maternal uncle, Truman’s parents opted for the middle initial "S," honoring both grandfathers. Living on the family farm in Independence, Missouri, he completed high school but did not pursue higher education, opting instead to enter the workforce where he held various jobs, including as a timekeeper for a railroad and a clerk at local banks.

Truman’s foray into the business world began in 1919 when he and his friend opened a hat shop in Kansas City. However, the economic downturn of the early 1920s led to the shop's failure just three years later, leaving Truman in significant debt. Demonstrating his commitment to character and integrity, he refused to declare bankruptcy, taking over 15 years to repay the $20,000 he owed to creditors. Meanwhile, his political interests blossomed, and he became involved in local politics through the influence of Democratic boss Thomas Pendergast, leading him eventually to public office and a successful career in politics.

Military Career and Political Beginnings

Harry S. Truman's life took a significant turn when he volunteered for military service during World War I, despite being above the draft age and exempt due to his farming background. He organized his National Guard regiment into the 129th Field Artillery, where he rose to the rank of captain and earned the respect of his men during intense battles, particularly in the Meuse-Argonne campaign. This experience not only solidified his leadership skills but also laid the groundwork for his future political career. Truman's post-war life saw him return to civilian life, where he married his childhood sweetheart, Bess Wallace, and faced the challenges of entrepreneurship, ultimately leading to a foray into local politics.

Truman's entrance into politics was facilitated by his connection with Democratic boss Thomas Pendergast, who helped launch his career in public service. After successfully managing a hat shop, which failed during the post-war economic slump, Truman began serving as an overseer of highways in Jackson County. His political acumen became evident as he ran and was elected to the position of county judge, showcasing his administrative capabilities rather than judicial ones. His subsequent election as a United States Senator in 1934 allowed him to gain further experience, particularly in appropriations and overseeing federal regulations. This combination of military experience and political savvy prominently shaped Truman’s approach to governance, setting the stage for his future role as President of the United States.

Senatorial Achievements and Vice Presidency

Harry S. Truman was elected to the United States Senate in 1934, where he quickly established a reputation for integrity and fiscal responsibility. Serving on key committees, such as the Senate Appropriations Committee, he played a crucial role in allocating funds for Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal initiatives. Notably, Truman's chairing of a special committee investigating the National Defense Program showcased his commitment to preventing war profiteering, gaining him public support for his straightforward findings. His ability to tackle complex issues, even amidst political fallout from his association with the Democratic boss Thomas Pendergast, marked him as a prominent figure in American politics.

In 1944, Truman was selected by President Roosevelt as his running mate for the presidential election, a decision driven by his popularity and integrity. After successfully campaigning with Roosevelt, he took the oath of office as vice president on January 20, 1945, just 82 days before Roosevelt's death. Suddenly thrust into the presidency, Truman faced monumental challenges, including the conclusion of World War II and the handling of early Cold War tensions. In this critical role, he made decisive decisions that would shape the future of the United States, including the use of atomic bombs on Japan and the formation of new international coalitions.

Handling Post-War Diplomacy and the Korean War

Harry S. Truman faced significant challenges in handling post-war diplomacy following World War II. As the United States emerged victorious, international relations quickly soured, particularly with the Soviet Union. While the two nations had collaborated to defeat the Axis powers, their interests soon diverged, leading to the onset of the Cold War. Truman's policy of containment aimed to prevent the spread of communism, particularly in Eastern Europe, where the Soviets sought to maintain control over newly liberated nations. His administration focused on fostering international alliances and supporting democratic governments as a counterbalance to Soviet influence.

When the Korean War erupted in June 1950, Truman viewed the North Korean invasion of South Korea as a direct challenge to U.S. policy and the broader goal of containing communism. He swiftly sent American troops to support South Korea, reflecting his determination to protect democracy and curb Soviet expansionism. However, as military operations progressed, Truman faced mounting criticism regarding his strategies, particularly after China intervened on behalf of North Korea. Disagreements with General Douglas MacArthur over military tactics culminated in Truman's decision to relieve MacArthur of command, a move that underscored his commitment to civilian control of the military despite its unpopularity at the time.

Personal Life: Married Life with Elizabeth and Daughter

Harry S. Truman married his childhood sweetheart, Elizabeth “Bess” Wallace, on June 28, 1919. Their relationship, which began in their youth, was marked by deep affection, mutual support, and shared values. Bess often played a crucial role in Truman's life, providing advice and stability amid his political aspirations. Despite the pressures of public life, the couple maintained a close bond, often retreating to their home in Independence, Missouri, where they could enjoy quiet family moments. Bess was known for her strong character and sense of duty, attributes that resonated with Truman’s own life philosophy.

The Trumans welcomed their only daughter, Mary Margaret, into the world in 1924. Mary, often affectionately called "Molly," grew up in a household filled with love and respect. Truman dedicated himself to being an engaged father, emphasizing education and moral integrity in raising her. As his political career escalated, Molly often faced the challenges of being the president's daughter, but the family remained close-knit, finding comfort in their shared experiences. Despite the demands of Truman’s presidency, the bond between Harry, Bess, and Mary Margaret illustrated the strength of their familial connections, leaving a lasting legacy of love and commitment in their lives.

Net Worth and Earning: Presidential Income

Harry S. Truman, the 33rd president of the United States, had a modest financial background and lived a relatively unassuming lifestyle throughout his life. When he took office as president in 1945, Truman's salary was $15,000 per year, which was standard for the time, reflecting the government's approach to compensating public service positions. Despite the high pressures and responsibilities that came with being president, he maintained a principle of living within his means and was known for his frugality, a trait that stemmed from his early years as a farmer and businessman.

After his presidency, Truman returned to Independence, Missouri, where he further managed his finances. He did not pursue lucrative speaking engagements or commercial opportunities, opting instead to focus on his memoirs and the Truman Presidential Library, which was established in 1957. His income from these endeavors was considerably lower than what many former presidents earned; however, he took pride in his integrity and public service rather than wealth accumulation. Upon Truman's death in 1972, he left a legacy marked more by his contributions to the presidency than to any significant personal fortune.