Alexander Hamilton | Biography

• By Stone Palmer
• Original : January 29, 2025

Who is Alexander Hamilton?

Alexander Hamilton was a key figure in the founding of the United States, known for his role as an architect of American government and economic policy. Born in the British West Indies in 1755 or 1757, he rose from humble beginnings to become one of the most influential Founding Fathers. Hamilton served as General George Washington's assistant during the Revolutionary War and was pivotal in advocating for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. As the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury from 1789 to 1795, he laid the groundwork for the modern financial system and established a strong central government.

Hamilton's accomplishments extend beyond his treasury duties. He co-authored "The Federalist Papers", which were instrumental in promoting the Constitution and shaping political philosophy in America. His vision for a robust federal government and a sound economic strategy spurred considerable debate among his contemporaries, including conflicts with figures like Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Despite personal and political controversies, including a notorious extramarital affair, Hamilton's contributions to the fledgling nation remain significant, cementing his legacy as a foundational figure in American history.

Early Life and Education

Alexander Hamilton was born on January 11, 1755, or possibly 1757, on the island of Nevis in the British West Indies to Rachel Fawcett Lavien and James Hamilton. His mother, of British and French Huguenot origin, and his father, a Scottish trader, faced significant hardships, including an abusive marriage and eventual abandonment. Following his father's departure, tragedy struck the family when Rachel succumbed to illness in 1768. At just 11 years old, Hamilton took on work to support himself and his older brother, quickly proving to be an industrious and intelligent individual in a challenging environment that was marked by poverty.

In pursuit of a better life, Hamilton's remarkable writing ability caught the attention of local merchants, who funded his journey to the American colonies for an education. In 1773, he arrived in New York, enrolling at King's College (later Columbia University). However, as the American Revolution loomed, Hamilton shifted his focus from academics to political activism. His first political article, written in 1774, showcased his burgeoning patriotism and advocacy against British rule, laying the groundwork for his eventual influential role in shaping the emerging nation. At this early stage, Hamilton's ambition and talent were clear as he began to navigate a path that would lead him to become a key figure in American history.

Military Career: The Revolutionary War

During the onset of the Revolutionary War in 1775, Alexander Hamilton joined the New York Provincial Artillery Company, where he quickly distinguished himself as a capable leader and strategist. His involvement in pivotal battles, including Long Island, White Plains, and Trenton, showcased his military acumen. In 1777, Hamilton's contributions were recognized with a promotion to lieutenant colonel of the Continental Army, further enhancing his reputation as a key figure in the fight for American independence.

Hamilton caught the eye of General George Washington, who appointed him as his aide-de-camp in 1780. This position allowed Hamilton to use his exceptional writing skills to draft critical correspondence for Washington and develop reports on military strategy. Hamilton's time in Washington's inner circle not only provided him with invaluable experience in military and political matters, but it also laid the foundation for his future influence in the new American government. His performance during the pivotal Battle of Yorktown, where he led a successful charge against British forces, further solidified his status as a national figure and a hero of the revolution, marking a significant turning point in the quest for American independence.

Career Success: Leadership and Triumphs

Alexander Hamilton's career was marked by remarkable leadership and significant triumphs that helped shape the foundation of the United States. Transitioning from a lowly beginnings in the British West Indies, Hamilton emerged as a key figure during the American Revolutionary War, securing a reputation as a capable and resourceful leader. Promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Continental Army, his strategic acumen and close association with General George Washington laid the groundwork for his future influence in American politics. His impactful role in the Battle of Yorktown was pivotal in American victory, demonstrating his commitment to the cause of independence.

Upon the establishment of the United States, Hamilton's triumphs continued as he became the first Secretary of the Treasury under President George Washington. He was instrumental in crafting economic policies that solidified the financial standing of the nascent nation. His assertive initiatives, such as proposing the federal assumption of state debts and creating a national bank, established a robust financial framework. Hamilton's vision for a powerful central government, articulated through his contributions to The Federalist Papers, influenced the ratification of the Constitution and cemented his legacy as a leading architect of American governance.

Law Career: Judicial Influence

Alexander Hamilton's legal career manifested his commitment to establishing the rule of law in the fledgling United States. After completing a brief legal apprenticeship, he began practicing law in New York City, where he quickly garnered attention for defending the unpopular British Loyalists—individuals who remained loyal to the Crown during the American Revolutionary War. His efforts were significant in shaping the legal landscape of the United States, as he asserted principles of due process and fairness in a time of deep national division. Hamilton's early cases, notably the Rutgers v. Waddington case, were pioneering in the establishment of judicial review, which created a framework for evaluating laws against constitutional standards.

Hamilton's legal practice was not only impactful within the courtroom but also reflected his underlying political philosophy. By representing Loyalists, he emphasized the importance of legal rights and protections, even for those who had sided with the British. His advocacy for their rights contributed to the process of reconciliation after the Revolutionary War, helping to lay the groundwork for a more unified nation. Furthermore, Hamilton's role in founding the Bank of New York illustrated his understanding of the intersection between law and commerce, establishing a legal foundation for a growing American economy. His contributions to the legal profession were instrumental in defining the American judicial system and underscoring the importance of a strong federal government.

Personal Life: Wife and eight children

On December 14, 1780, Alexander Hamilton married Elizabeth "Eliza" Schuyler, the daughter of Revolutionary War general Philip Schuyler. The couple cultivated a deep and loving relationship throughout their marriage, facing life's challenges together. They became parents to a total of eight children: Philip, Angelica, Alexander Jr., James, Elizabeth, and another set of twins, who tragically did not survive infancy. Their family life became a source of joy for Hamilton, who instilled values of hard work and integrity in his children, as he sought to provide them with a better future than he had experienced in his own youth.

Despite their strong connection, Hamilton's marriage faced strains due to his extramarital affair with Maria Reynolds, which became one of the earliest political sex scandals in American history. Nevertheless, Eliza remained a steadfast partner, supporting him through turbulent times. Their correspondence reveals a deep emotional bond, with Hamilton often expressing his love and admiration for Eliza. Following Hamilton's death in 1804, Eliza dedicated her life to preserving his legacy, ensuring that his contributions to the nation would not be forgotten, even as she raised their children alone.

Net Worth and Earning: Career earnings

Alexander Hamilton's career earnings were primarily derived from his roles in public service, law, and finance. As the first Secretary of the Treasury from 1789 to 1795, Hamilton's influence on the nation's economic policies greatly impacted the country's financial structure. Although specific figures are difficult to ascertain due to the historical context, it is estimated that during his tenure in government, he earned a modest salary, reflective of the period's standards. However, his financial acumen set the stage for the development of a national banking system, which would become a cornerstone of the U.S. economy.

In addition to his government salary, Hamilton established a successful law practice in New York City. His clientele primarily included British Loyalists, and he earned additional income by taking on landmark cases that helped establish critical principles in the American legal system. Moreover, Hamilton was instrumental in founding the Bank of New York in 1784, which not only solidified his reputation as a financial expert but also contributed to his long-term wealth. Despite his tragic end, Hamilton's contributions to finance and governance have had lasting implications that continue to influence America's economic landscape today.